关于城市河流水污染防治技术应用和研究

随着我国经济的不断发展,各种工厂也大量的成立,而这也使得很多废弃物及废水被过度排放到湖泊与河流之中,进而导致其出现了严重的污染问题。污染不仅对人们的生活质量产生了影响,同时也对生态的平衡发展产生了很大的阻碍,业已经成为社会各界高度关注和重视的问题。基于此,本文围绕城市河流水污染的现状进行了分析,对于污染产生的原因也进行了阐述,针对城市河流水污染防治技术的应用也进行了探讨和研究,以期可以有效解决我国出现的河流水污染问题,进而为人们及社会营造一个全新、绿色的河流环境。     

污染源普查后区域环境管理应用探讨

在第二次全国污染源普查的基础上,利用污染源普查期间配置的软硬件,开发市级区域环境污染源管理平台,进行污染源数据的年度更新,拓展污染源普查软件应用,实现环境管理及环境执法移动终端的应用。拓展二污普一张图的功能,利用移动客户端机动实时及地定位导航等为环境管理执法和环境突发事件应急处置提供技术支持。     

Ammonium nitrate thermal decomposition with additives

Runaway reactions present a potentially serious threat to the chemical process industry and the community; such reactions occur time and time again often with devastating consequences. The main objective of this research is to study the root causes associated with ammonium nitrate (AN) explosions during storage. The research focuses on AN fertilizers and studies the effects of different types of fertilizer compatible additives on AN thermal decomposition. Reactive Systems Screening Tool (RSST) has been used for reactivity evaluation and to better understand the mechanisms that result in explosion hazards. The results obtained from this tool have been reported in terms of parameters such as “onset” temperature, rate of temperature and pressure rise and maximum temperature. The runaway behavior of AN has been studied as a solid and solution in water. The effect of additives such as sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄) and potassium chloride (KCl) has also been studied. Multiple tests have been conducted to determine the characteristics of AN decomposition accurately. The results show that the presence of sodium sulfate can increase the “onset” temperature of AN decomposition thus acting as AN thermal decomposition inhibitor, while potassium chloride tends to decrease the “onset” temperature thus acting as AN thermal decomposition promoter.     

Locally enhanced electric field treatment (LEEFT) for water disinfection

• Nanowire-assisted LEEFT is applied for water disinfection with low voltages. • LEEFT inactivates bacteria by disrupting cell membrane through electroporation. • Multiple electrodes and device configurations have been developed for LEEFT. • The LEEFT is low-cost, highly efficient, and produces no DBPs. • The LEEFT can potentially be applicable for water disinfection at all scales. Water disinfection is a critical step in water and wastewater treatment. The most widely used chlorination suffers from the formation of carcinogenic disinfection by-products (DBPs) while alternative methods (e.g., UV, O₃, and membrane filtration) are limited by microbial regrowth, no residual disinfectant, and high operation cost. Here, a nanowire-enabled disinfection method, locally enhanced electric field treatment (LEEFT), is introduced with advantages of no chemical addition, no DBP formation, low energy consumption, and efficient microbial inactivation. Attributed to the lightning rod effect, the electric field near the tip area of the nanowires on the electrode is significantly enhanced to inactivate microbes, even though a small external voltage (usually<5 V) is applied. In this review, after emphasizing the significance of water disinfection, the theory of the LEEFT is explained. Subsequently, the recent development of the LEEFT technology on electrode materials and device configurations are summarized. The disinfection performance is analyzed, with respect to the operating parameters, universality against different microorganisms, electrode durability, and energy consumption. The studies on the inactivation mechanisms during the LEEFT are also reviewed. Lastly, the challenges and future research of LEEFT disinfection are discussed.     

响应面法优化预氧化强化混凝处理铁锰地下水

以KMnO_4为氧化剂,Al_2(SO_4)_3·18H_2O为混凝剂,含铁锰离子地下水为模拟用水,考察预氧化强化混凝法的效果。利用响应面设计试验,分析氧化剂投加量、混凝剂投加量和pH值对铁锰去除的交互作用。模型优化结果显示,在氧化剂投加量4.16 mg/L,混凝剂投加量263.68 mg/L,pH值为7.54的最佳工艺参数下,铁锰去除率分别可达98.22%和97.49%。     

不同给水管材对管壁附着生物膜铅、镉的解吸动力学研究

给水管壁生物膜会吸附水中的重金属元素积累在管壁生物膜中,在受到扰动时释放回到水体,危害饮用水水质安全。试验以上海管网末梢水为实验对象,研究了PVC、铸铁和紫铜等三种管材上生物膜对铅、镉的解吸特性。结果表明,PVC、铸铁和紫铜附着生物膜对铅的解吸容量qe分别为:5.92211μmol·m^-2、128.3051μmol·m^-2和21.1808,解吸速率常数k分别为:0.001060 m^2·μmol^-1·min^-1、0.000041 m^2·μmol^-1·min^-1和0.000503 m^2·μmol^-1·min^-1,对于镉元素三种材质的解吸容量qe分别为:14.71519μmol·m^-2、18.50481μmol·m^-2和2.25225μmol·m^-2;解吸速率常数k分别为:0.000102 m^2·μmol^-1·min^-1、0.001070 m^2·μmol^-1·min^-1和0.000103 m^2·μmol^-1·min^-1。     

水环境监测信息化新技术的应用分析

随着国民经济的快速发展,我国人民的生活水平和质量也随之而提高,对于生态环境以及居住环境的要求也相应提升。水是万物之源,是保障人们生产生活的基本要素之一,为了有效提升水环境质量,先进的水环境监测技术必不可少。随着科学技术的飞速发展,水环境监测技术也在不断调整和优化,逐渐向信息化方向发展,在生态环境保护工作中发挥着不可替代的作用。本文将详细阐述现阶段我国在水环境监测工作中实施的信息化新技术,希望能为相关研究人员提供参考和借鉴。     

基于统计学方法的南方某市管网水水质特征研究

为综合解析南方某市管网末梢水水质的时空变化特征、识别主要响应指标及指标间相关性,以该市近4年供水管网末梢水水质监测数据为研究对象,利用主成分分析法和对应分析法对管网末梢水质进行了特征研究。主成分分析法评价结果表明:该市管网末梢水年度总体水质存在差异,其中以2016年为最佳;夏秋季节更易发生水质异常现象,5~9月应加强管网末梢水水质管控;区域上看已完成深度处理改造的梅林水厂供水覆盖区管网末梢水水质最优,南山水厂供水覆盖区管网末梢水水质最差;水质指标硫酸盐、氯化物、硬度之间,Fe、浊度、总氯之间具有相对其他水质指标更高的相关性。对应分析法结果表明:管网末梢水水质主要响应指标可重点关注Fe、浊度、耗氧量、总氯和硫酸盐;其中Fe、浊度、耗氧量呈正相关性强,上述指标与硫酸盐、总氯呈负相关性。     

江苏里下河腹部地区农村水污染防治的问题和对策

为策应江苏省生态建设和农村环境质量的改善,及早实现环境保护参与农村农业社会经济发展综合决策和提升环保管理水平的目标,本文着重对江苏里下河腹部地区水环境状况进行了调查与分析,揭示出乡镇企业、农业面源、水产畜禽养殖、生活污水和废弃污染物排放,造成水环境污染以及对社会、经济、环境建设与发展的影响,有较强的真实性、针对性和代表性。首次研究了改善江苏里下河腹部地区农村水污染防治的对策和措施,不仅为里下河地区＂十二五＂期间水环境污染防治与管理提供依据还为江苏省乃至全国低洼水域的农村污染物控制和管理起到启示。     

浑河主要污染指标特征性分析

利用1995年至2010年浑河干流7个常规监测断面的历年监测数据,通过统计分析确定浑河水质的主要污染指标为氨氮、总磷（TP）、化学需氧量（COD）和生化需氧量（BOD）。并指出1995～2000年间,浑河有机污染突出,2000年以后,浑河水质氮、磷污染更为突出,有机污染有所改善。并详细分析了这四项主要污染指标的时间及水期间分布规律,为浑河流域水污染治理及编制流域规划提供技术支撑。